Ecommerce in Tourism Industry

Ecommerce in Tourism Industry 2.1. Introduction to e-Commerce ‘Electronic commerce (e-Commerce) is such a service offering people the opportunity to do their shopping via modern information and communication technologies at home’ (Schultz, 2007). It enables everyone to conduct business via the Internet. The only precondition is a computer and a connection to the Internet. The term e-Commerce is becoming increasingly important in the dictionary of today’s tourism managers all around the world. This is reflected in the development of the overall online travel market turnover in Europe reaching a total of EUR 70 billion in the year 2008 (V-I-R, Verband Internet Reisevertrieb, 2009). The introduction of the internet represented both, major opportunities as well as threats, for the tourism industry. The internet erased physical borders and enables everyone to participate in a global marketplace. The only requisite is a computer and an internet access. This section explores the current dynamics within the broader area of e-Commerce and provides definitions for the incorporating aspects of business transactions via the Internet. The worldwide proliferation of the internet led to the birth of electronic transfer of transactional information. ‘E-Commerce flourished because of the openness, speed, anonymity, digitization, and global accessibility characteristics of the internet, which facilitated real-time business’ (Yu et al., 2002). One can of course argue, whether the anonymity of the Internet is still valid today. Maya Gadzheva (2008) for example, suggests that the ‘achievement of unobservability and anonymity in the Internet is going to be much more difficult in the future, due to the possibility of unlimited collection of data’. Through the aide of the internet tourism companies are able to market and sell their products to a far greater mass which represents substantial growth opportunities for them. According to Porter (2001), the ‘Internet technology provides better opportunities for companies to establish distinctive, strategic positioning than did previous generations of information technology’. However, those opportunities can also represent burdens for companies participating in transactions via the Internet. Those companies are now more than ever forced to keep their web sites up-to-date and to provide reliable information. Since the Internet is a very fast changing medium, it requires their participants, in this case the e-merchants, to keep up with this pace. In case the companies cannot fulfil these requirements, they will probably face a shift of customers to the competition. Especially the area of tourism, being labelled as largely information driven (Morgan et al., 2001) requires constantly updated and reliable information. Customers need to find every information they require on the web. They need to know where to search and they need to be convinced of the trustworthiness and reliability of this information. The ability to inform clients and to sell and market products in the virtual marketplace is a critical success factor for economic triumph of tourism companies nowadays and in the future. The website is thus a digital business card of tourism companies and one of their most effective sales persons at the same time. ‘Internet technology provides buyers with easier access to information about products and suppliers, thus bolstering buyer bargaining power’ (Porter, 2001). This will also decrease the costs of switching suppliers (or tourism companies). That is the downturn of the Internet. Competitors are only a few mouse clicks away (Porter, 2001) and the whole industry becomes more transparent. Just about every company participating in e-Commerce is obviously forced to list prices of their holiday components. This facilitates the comparability of tourism services. Customers do now have access to all kinds of information that facilitate as well as influence their holiday choice. Since tourism companies can no longer differentiate themselves from the competition by pricing means, the corporate website, and the online booking process of a holiday becomes progressively more important. This involves the appearance of the website, including usability and content related features, but also everything concerning the actual booking process and transaction handling. The tourism company (the seller) and the customer (the buyer) conducting business over the internet have usually never seen each other face-to-face, nor do they exchange currency or hard copies of documents hand-to-hand. When payments are to be made over a telecommunications network such as the internet, accuracy and security become critical (Yu et al., 2002). In other words this would mean that customers need to transfer extremely private information like credit card details to a complete stranger. Summarizing this section it can be said that Internet and e-Commerce present various advantages for tourism customers, since companies and offers are more transparent and easier to compare. Furthermore, improvements in IT technology will enhance the search for relevant information and facilitate the navigation in the World Wide Web. However, there are also threatening factors for tourism companies. Competition will become stronger, since competitors are only a few mouse clicks away, switching costs for customers are much longer and due to their access to nearly unlimited information the customers’ bargaining power will increase. Nonetheless, tourism companies who can keep up with the fast pace of the Internet and who are able to convince customers of the reliability, trustworthiness and timeliness of their displayed offers and information will benefit from the Internet. 2.2. Online Trust or eTrust What is (online) trust? A first step towards the answer of this question can be made by looking at various definitions of the term trust. Trust is defined as ‘the trait of believing in the honesty and reliability of others’ (Wordnet, Princeton University, 2006). According to this definition, buyers conducting transactions via the Internet will have to rely on a person or institution they may have never seen or even heard of. This would certainly be not sufficient as an assurance for most of us. Another definition defines trust as ‘to hope or wish’ (Wordnet, Princeton University, 2006). Summarizing this would mean that we need to rely on the goodwill of the other party and hope or wish that it will act as it was promised. Those definitions might be a good starting point in explaining the meaning of trust, but they certainly do not seem to be convenient for most of us. Bà ¶hle et al. (2000) argue that trust is a precondition for flourishing e-Commerce. Shankar et al. (2002) advance a different view, although they classify ‘(online) trust as being important in both business-to-business and business-to-consumer e-business’. Koufaris and Hampton-Sosa (2004) pursue a similar way of argumentation. They suggest that ‘lack of trust in online companies is a primary reason why many users do not shop online’. Another author, Peter Landrock (2002), founder and managing director of Cryptomathic UK Ltd., one of the world’s leading providers of security solutions to businesses, points out that ‘without such trust, neither businesses nor consumers will conduct transactions or sensitive communications across this medium (the Internet)’. This argument is being supported by a recently conducted study by Ernst Young and the Information Technology Association of America who concluded ‘that trust represents one of the most fundamental issues impacting the growth of e-Commerce’ (Talwatte, 2000). Strader and Shaw (Chadwick, 2001) point out that ‘consumers are more likely to buy from an online company they trust, when price differences are small’. Thos would in turn imply that whenever price differences are significant, customers are willing to accept a higher level of uncertainty and perceived risk in transactions with companies they do not know or trust. According to those argumentations one can say that trust is the major precondition for both, businesses as well as consumers to conduct transactions via the Internet. ‘Trust is a key challenge to the customer acceptance of e-Commerce: the lack of trust is an important reason for the hesitant growth in e-Commerce and for the reluctance of consumers to engage in online buying transactions’ (Schultz, 2007). A Forrester Survey from 2000 stated that ‘51% of companies would not do business with parties they do not trust over the web’ (Shankar et al., 2002). However, this would also mean that 49% of companies would do business with companies they do not trust. Trust needs to be strongly combined with uncertainty and ambiguity. The more information a buyer has about the seller, the better can he or she estimates whether the seller will act as it was promised. Thus, the better the information about a seller the better can he or she be trusted. Good examples for this assumption are online marketplaces like eBay or Amazon. Those two providers offer nearly everyone the possibility to participate in e-Business. Since they recognized the increased need from customers for information about sellers, they introduced up-to-date ratings. Every seller can be rated after transactions whether buyers have been satisfied with the transaction process or not. The higher and better the rating, the more trustworthy is the seller (in a simplified way). These ratings are good indications for (unexperienced) buyers, since they equip them with information about the seller’s past performance in transactions. Other ways in creating trustworthiness are so-called trust seals. ‘Those seals are issued by third parties to verify the commitment of an e-vendor’ (Cook and Luo, 2003; Hu et al., 2003; Kaplan and Nieschwitz, 2003; Koufaris and Hampton-Sosa, 2004; Loebbecke, 2003; Patton and Jà ¸sang, 2004; Urban et al., 2000; Yang et al., 2006; in Schultz, 2007). Trust seals are generally indicated via symbols on the web site of the seller. Those seals are a sign that the seller conducts business according to the standards of the third party, the trust seal provider, and/or that the seller conducts business as promised by the statements and policies on the web site (Schultz, 2007). ‘Further measures to increase trust are security features, the availability of alternative payment methods, privacy, security and return policies and feedback mechanisms and consumer communities’ (Schultz, 2007). ‘Security is the main concern of consumers before engaging in e-business with a seller’ (Schultz, 2007; Hinde 1998). ‘Sellers need to incorporate certain security features into the design of their web sites in order to ensure the safety of the whole transaction process’ (see Credit Card) (Schultz, 2007). Offering alternative methods of payment is another approach of the seller to signal the willingness to adapt to the customers’ needs. Being able to choose a method of payment equips the customer with the perceived power over a part of the transaction process. It is essential to display the ‘rules of the game’. Privacy, security and return policies need to present on every seller’s web site in order to inform the customer properly. This will not only increase trust but will also facilitate processes in case of complaints or other problems. The provision of customer feedback mechanism (ratings, reply forms, forums, etc.) is another way for customers to increase knowledge and gather information about a seller. The advantage is that customers can exchange with previous customers of the seller. This way they can obtain an objective evaluation of the seller. However, sellers can also manipulate those forums by uploading faked ratings or deleting negative ratings or feedbacks. Again, the customer needs to develop trust in these kinds of information. Furthermore, customers do also need to develop trust in the IT infrastructure they are using, since this will be the mean of communicating the transactional data between the seller and the buyer. In other words, consumers not trusting the technology they are using for an intended transaction via the Internet will not participate in any e-Business transaction unless they feel confident with the security. When considering security issues, a public key infrastructure (PKI) that can provide secure authentication on the Internet is an important step towards secure Internet transactions. It can help to build trust, reduce the potential for fraud, ensure privacy and provide merchants with non-repudiation (Bà ¶hle et al., 2000). It is essential for the merchant that the customer can trust him, his connection and Website and the payment system used. Otherwise there will not be any transactions between the two parties. Summarizing this section it can be said that information is the key to (nearly) everything. A higher level of information about the other transactional party will increase the level of trust, since uncertainty and ambiguity can be erased at least to a certain extent. Furthermore, it is essential to create awareness for technologies and tools needed for security improvements and the development of trust. These tools and technologies can involve ‘soft’ components like trust seals and customer feedback forums. The ‘harder’ components are embedded in the aspect of IT infrastructure. This includes improvements in the encryption and network and database security. 2.3. Electronic Payment Systems Monetary transactions via the Internet do always involve risks and uncertainty. In most of the cases, there is no personal interaction involved. That means that the customer has to put a considerable amount of trust in the seller’s promise to fulfil everything that has been agreed upon during the confirmation of the purchase (e.g. the delivery of the ordered products or services on time, in the right quality and that the agreed amount of money is charged) (Schultz, 2007; Chadwick, 2001). According to Lammer (2006) ‘Electronic Payment Systems or e-Payment Systems may be defined as all payments that are initiated, processed and received electronically’. The main concern with electronic payment systems is the level of security in each step of the transaction, because money and merchandise are transferred while there is no direct contact between the two sides involved in the transaction. If there is even the slightest possibility that the payment system may not be secure, trust and confidence in this system will begin to erode, destroying the infrastructure needed for electronic commerce (Yu et al., 2002). The customer is concerned right from the point he is connected to the website of the seller. The risk of losing private information like contact details, credit card or bank account information is a primary concern of the customer. Therefore, it is necessary that both, the seller as well as the customer take care for the security of their own network as well as with the data exchanged during the transaction. In Germany, there are currently up to ten different electronic payment methods used with varying frequency and success. The author will only refer to those payment systems which are applicable for intangible goods, such as holidays. The definitions below are based on the work of Stroborn et al. (2004), who were arguing that one way to ‘classify different payment instruments is by the point of time when the liquidity effect sets in from the payer’s point of view that means the exact point in time when the customer’s account is charged with the payment’. ‘Following this premise, one can distinguish between â€Å"prepaid†, â€Å"pay-now† and â€Å"pay-later† systems’ (Stroborn et.al, 2004). Other authors (Yu et al., 2002, Dannenberg Ulrich, 2004) categorized payment systems with regard to the following variables. ‘The first variable is the ‘size or the amount of the payment’ (e.g. micro-payments). The second variable depends on the ‘type of transaction’, e.g. credit card, paying via e-mail (PayPal)’, etc. It can be argued which of these two different approaches in classifying e-payment systems is the most appropriate. However, the author decides to use the classification of Stroborn et al. (2004) for the reason that this type of classification can be best applied to the underlying topic of this work, due to the following facts. The ability to differentiate e-Payment systems by the time, the liquidity effect sets in is important within the industry of tourism. Holiday components, especially cruises are oftentimes financed using prepayments of customers. Therefore, it is particularly important for cruise lines to know which of the offered payment systems allow them to use prepayments as financing means. On the other hand, customers do always want a certain level of security, especially when they purchase a holiday, which is certainly not an everyday expense with regard to the amount charged. Therefore, equipping customers with the perceived power of determining the point of time when the actual payment will be processed will result in a beneficial feeling on the side of the customer. This equipment of perceived power is another way of demonstrating willingness to adapt to customer needs. Customers seem to have all under control, since they receive the product before they have to pay for it. So the seller has already delivered the agreed upon product or service. 2.3.1 Pre-Paid-payment systems The different Pre-Paid-payment systems currently in use in Germany will not be further explained. Systems like GeldKarte, MicroMoney or WEB.Cent are being used to settle small-or micro-payments up to usually â‚ ¬ 100. In this respect an application within the tourism industry is of no relevance. According to the DRV (Deutscher Reiseverband, 2008), the majority of holidays booked via the Internet was between â‚ ¬ 500 -â‚ ¬ 1.500 (55, 1% of all holidays). 2.3.2 Pay-Now-payment systems ‘So called pay-now systems debit the account of the customer at the exact time the customer purchases something. Cash-on-Delivery (COD) and debit entry are well established examples today’ (Stroborn et al., 2004). Online Transfer: According to Monika E. Hartmann (Lammer, 2006) online transfer can be defined as follows: These services are embedded in the online shopping process, e.g. via an automatic popup window connecting to the service provider and already containing all necessary transaction details. The customer is invited to choose a payment option and provide his account details. The completed transaction data set will be routed to the relevant payment service provider for authorization. After successful payment authorization the bank (or the payment service provider) confirms the payment to the merchant so that the purchase transaction can be completed (Lammer, 2006). COD (Cash-on-Delivery) COD is usually used for the settlement of amounts for physical goods. Customers order their desired articles over the website of an online merchant. The goods are then delivered by a mail service. In addition to the price of the delivered goods, the customer pays also COD charges to the delivery service. The mail delivery service then mails a money order to the internet merchant. Due to the simultaneous exchange of physical goods and money, COD is said to protect consumer and merchant at the same time. Nevertheless, it is considered not to be cost-effective and awkward for the consumer, who needs to be present for the delivery. Additionally, this payment method cannot be used for goods delivered electronically (Stroborn et al., 2004). M-Payments (Mobile Payments) M-Payment is such a service, where the mobile phone of the customer in combination with a PIN number deals as authentication device. Whenever the customer wants to purchase goods or transfer money, he or she is called by a third party, e.g. Paybox (www.paybox.net), on his or her mobile phone. He needs to confirm the transaction with a PIN. The sum of the transaction is then debited from the customer’s bank account (Stroborn et al., 2004). According to a recent study conducted by the Verband Internet Reisevertrieb, v-i-r (2007), only two percent of all holiday purchases have been settled using mpayments. However, this payment method is expected to grow tremendously in the future. This is already indicated by the awareness level of m-payments. Although only two percent had used m-payments to settle their online purchases, more than 23% of all respondents are aware of the possibility of using mobile payments. Debit Entry ‘The process of a debit entry requires the receiver of the payment, the seller, to inform his banking institution to charge the account of the buyer with a certain amount. This amount is in turn booked on the account of the seller’ (www.wikipedia.org). PayPal With over 150 million registered accounts worldwide (PayPal, 2009), PayPal is one of the most successful internet-based payment schemes. Authentication is done via the personal e-mail address of the customer in addition to the entry of a password. The amount is then debited from the customer’s PayPal account. Customers using PayPal will benefit since they will no longer have to reveal their debit or credit card number. Furthermore, the whole transaction process is speeded up due to the fact that customers no longer need to enter their address details. PayPal also promotes its product as being more secure in comparison with other e-payment schemes. 2.3.3 Pay-Later-payment systems ‘In terms of pay-later-systems (e.g. credit cards), the customer actually receives the goods before being debited’ (Stroborn et al., 2004). However, this depends upon the point in time when the customers’ bank account is being debited. It is also possible, particularly within the area of tourism that the bank account is debited before the holiday is ‘consumed’. Within the tourism industry it is a common practice to book and purchase holidays long time in advance. Especially in terms of family holidays, customers like to book in advance, since they do only have a small time frame (namely the school holidays) where they can go on holiday. So, holidays in these periods are strongly demanded. Thus there is an incentive for customers to book as early in advance as possible. In this case, the classification of Stroborn et al. (2004) is not valid anymore. The holiday is purchased long before it is consumed and thus the bank account will also be debited before the consumption. Credit Card ‘Settling payments via the use of the credit card is the most commonly used payment method worldwide. Nearly 90 % of all items and goods purchased via the Internet are paid by credit card’ (Dannenberg Ulrich, 2004). Stroborn et al. differentiate between three basic ways of credit card payments via the Internet: An unsecured transaction ‘A transaction via Secure Socket Layer (SSL), which is a sort of digital envelope. SSL is the de facto standard for secure online transactions, preventing eavesdroppers from learning customers’ account details’ (Ashrafi Ng, 2009). The SSL technology establishes a secure communication channel between the participants of an online transaction. ‘a transaction employing Secure Electronic Transaction Protocol (SET), which is currently considered as the safest credit-card-based payment systems on the Internet’ (Stroborn et al., 2004). Recapitulating this section again highlights the importance of awareness. According to Monika Hartmann (Lammer, 2006) ‘many payment solutions did not succeed in reaching a critical mass of users’. This can be seen in within the example of Mpayments. Payment methods may be very useful, however if they do not manage to reach a critical mass of users, they will not succeed in the market. So customers need to be enlightened about the different payment methods available and the advantages and disadvantages involved. In addition the aspect of trust reappears in this section. Customers need to trust the security of their Internet connection in the first place before they are conducting any business transactions. 3.1 Factors favouring the growth of e-Commerce in tourism The introduction of the internet as well as the ability to pay for goods and services via electronic payment systems created potential advantages for customers as well as for tourism companies. ‘The marketing of an intangible product such as tourism largely depends upon visual presentation’ (Morgan et al., 2001). With the Internet, marketers finally found the perfect tool. The capability of combining the presentation of facts and figures, emotional pictures and the whole booking process is a huge asset for tourism companies. Buhalis (Morgan et al., 2001) stated that ‘organizations and destinations which need to compete will be forced to compute’. Thereby, he assigns companies participating in e-Commerce a significant competitive advantage. According to a recent study of the VIR (Verband Internet Reisevertrieb, 2007) customers value the easy and fast way of booking trips via the internet. Furthermore, they appreciate the possibility to customize their trips, to see if their desired holiday is still available and the extensive range of offerings. The possibility to pay per credit card and the savings in terms of time they need to invest are also big advantages for German customers booking their trips and holidays via the Internet. Cheyne et al. (2006) suggested that ‘the Internet is providing the means for suppliers and consumers to bypass the travel agent and interact directly’. Furthermore, many writers propose that ‘the Internet furnishes travel consumers with more information, quicker responses and often lower prices than they can achieve when making travel arrangements through a traditional travel agent’ (Cheyne et al., 2006). Tania Lang, a senior consultant at Cap Gemini Ernst Young, stated in her work in 2000 that ‘there are a variety of factors providing advantages and benefits for the users of the Internet’. Amongst those factors is the access for availability enquiries and bookings when consumers want to research and purchase travel. Customers are no longer restricted to the opening times of their local travel agency. According to Buhalis (Lang, 2000), ‘the ability to access information which is detailed and up to date assists the travel consumer by making the product more tangible in their mind’. Another important advantage of e-Commerce in tourism is the bypass of travel agent fees and the access to online discounts. Lang (2000) stated that there is a ‘cost advantage in purchasing travel online as a result of the market becoming more competitive. These cost advantages can also be explained by decreasing distribution costs’. Concluding this section it can be suggested that customers will benefit tremendously from e-Commerce in the tourism industry. They will be faced with lower prices, since no intermediaries are involved any more so that potential cost savings can be achieved. In addition to this, the authors cited above implied that the visual representation of holidays will improve due the recent and upcoming developments in technology. According to this, there should not be any disadvantages for customers and conducting bookings via the Internet are the best solution for the future. However customers will also have to sacrifice in certain aspects as well as they will have to experience that bookings holidays via the Internet might not be that advantageous as the following section will point out. 3.2 Factors for the hesitant growth of e-Commerce in tourism In 2009, Prashant Palvia argues that ‘the Internet is far from achieving its potential due to the reluctance of consumers to engage in its use’. Palvia (2009) stresses this assumption by a recent study, indicating that sales of online retailers were only 2, 2% of total goods sold in the U.S. in 2005. Moreover, analysts have predicted that even by 2011, e-Commerce sales would only account for only 7%. According to Tania Lang (2000), there are certain barriers or disadvantages of the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) for consumers. Amongst those factors, the ‘lacks of a human interface and of confidence in the technology as well as security issues have a high relevance’. There are a lot of situations, where a customer has built a strong relationship to his travel agent. For some travellers, the actual booking process (whether via a travel agency or the Internet) is already part of the holiday itself. The booking process might even be some kind of ritual which is carried out in exactly the same manner every time the customer goes on holiday. Those loyalty or relational factors are hard to be erased or replaced by the Internet which is in fact a major threat to electronic commerce in the tourism industry. A number of authors maintain that ‘travel agents provide better services, especially when more complex products are to be purchased’ (Cheyne et al., 2006). ‘Those complex travel arrangements are more information intensive and therefore needs consultation of travel agents compared to less complex holiday components such as flights or rail tickets’. Other authors, including Inkpen, Lyle and Paulson (Cheyne et al., 2006) argue that ‘travel agents can offer a more personalized service and provide unbiased advices that add value for the customer’. Concerning the latter assumption one can argue that this is true for inexperienced or first-time users. Customers, who are familiar with the Internet and know where to find the information they are looking for, will not need the advice of the travel agent no more. First of all, the travel agent might provide them with information they already know or find by themselves. Secondly, travel agents are biased too, regarding the amount of commissions they receive for the sale of products. Another case where customers do not need the advice of the travel agent are repeated holidays, meaning customers who always travel to the same hotel. Those customers will not benefit from a travel agent’s consultancy. Summarizing this, one can say that ‘the service offered by travel agents is value adding for customers, who are inexperienced with the process of online booking and for customers who want to travel to a variety of different destinations’ (comparing Cheyne et al., 2006). The lack of confidence in the technology as well as the mistrust in security are the two other major disadvantages of the Internet that Tania Lang has determined. She points out that the ‘main barrier stopping consumers from booking travel via the Internet is the perceived lack of a secure payment method’ (Lang, 2000). ‘The main concern with electronic payment is the level of security in each step of the transaction, because money and merchandise are transferred while there is no direct contact between the two sides involved in the transaction’ (Yu et al., 2002). ‘If there is even the slightest possibility that the payment system may not be secure, trust and confidence in this system will begin to erode, destroying the infrastructure needed for electronic commerce’ (Yu et al., 2002). Putting this in other words, tourism companies may have the perfect product in terms of price quality ratio. However, the company will not be able to sell its products to a greater mass if their payment system is lacking security. This will not only erode trust in the payment system itself, but may also affect the customers’ acceptance of the company, thus affecting the company’s reputation, image and profits. In 1998, Haas surveyed that even though ‘many Internet users go online to find product information, most users prefer to log off and buy their goods through traditional sales channels’. Of course, this trend has increasingly changed over the last years; however, still today customers inform themselves over the Internet without performing t Ecommerce in Tourism Industry Ecommerce in Tourism Industry 2.1. Introduction to e-Commerce ‘Electronic commerce (e-Commerce) is such a service offering people the opportunity to do their shopping via modern information and communication technologies at home’ (Schultz, 2007). It enables everyone to conduct business via the Internet. The only precondition is a computer and a connection to the Internet. The term e-Commerce is becoming increasingly important in the dictionary of today’s tourism managers all around the world. This is reflected in the development of the overall online travel market turnover in Europe reaching a total of EUR 70 billion in the year 2008 (V-I-R, Verband Internet Reisevertrieb, 2009). The introduction of the internet represented both, major opportunities as well as threats, for the tourism industry. The internet erased physical borders and enables everyone to participate in a global marketplace. The only requisite is a computer and an internet access. This section explores the current dynamics within the broader area of e-Commerce and provides definitions for the incorporating aspects of business transactions via the Internet. The worldwide proliferation of the internet led to the birth of electronic transfer of transactional information. ‘E-Commerce flourished because of the openness, speed, anonymity, digitization, and global accessibility characteristics of the internet, which facilitated real-time business’ (Yu et al., 2002). One can of course argue, whether the anonymity of the Internet is still valid today. Maya Gadzheva (2008) for example, suggests that the ‘achievement of unobservability and anonymity in the Internet is going to be much more difficult in the future, due to the possibility of unlimited collection of data’. Through the aide of the internet tourism companies are able to market and sell their products to a far greater mass which represents substantial growth opportunities for them. According to Porter (2001), the ‘Internet technology provides better opportunities for companies to establish distinctive, strategic positioning than did previous generations of information technology’. However, those opportunities can also represent burdens for companies participating in transactions via the Internet. Those companies are now more than ever forced to keep their web sites up-to-date and to provide reliable information. Since the Internet is a very fast changing medium, it requires their participants, in this case the e-merchants, to keep up with this pace. In case the companies cannot fulfil these requirements, they will probably face a shift of customers to the competition. Especially the area of tourism, being labelled as largely information driven (Morgan et al., 2001) requires constantly updated and reliable information. Customers need to find every information they require on the web. They need to know where to search and they need to be convinced of the trustworthiness and reliability of this information. The ability to inform clients and to sell and market products in the virtual marketplace is a critical success factor for economic triumph of tourism companies nowadays and in the future. The website is thus a digital business card of tourism companies and one of their most effective sales persons at the same time. ‘Internet technology provides buyers with easier access to information about products and suppliers, thus bolstering buyer bargaining power’ (Porter, 2001). This will also decrease the costs of switching suppliers (or tourism companies). That is the downturn of the Internet. Competitors are only a few mouse clicks away (Porter, 2001) and the whole industry becomes more transparent. Just about every company participating in e-Commerce is obviously forced to list prices of their holiday components. This facilitates the comparability of tourism services. Customers do now have access to all kinds of information that facilitate as well as influence their holiday choice. Since tourism companies can no longer differentiate themselves from the competition by pricing means, the corporate website, and the online booking process of a holiday becomes progressively more important. This involves the appearance of the website, including usability and content related features, but also everything concerning the actual booking process and transaction handling. The tourism company (the seller) and the customer (the buyer) conducting business over the internet have usually never seen each other face-to-face, nor do they exchange currency or hard copies of documents hand-to-hand. When payments are to be made over a telecommunications network such as the internet, accuracy and security become critical (Yu et al., 2002). In other words this would mean that customers need to transfer extremely private information like credit card details to a complete stranger. Summarizing this section it can be said that Internet and e-Commerce present various advantages for tourism customers, since companies and offers are more transparent and easier to compare. Furthermore, improvements in IT technology will enhance the search for relevant information and facilitate the navigation in the World Wide Web. However, there are also threatening factors for tourism companies. Competition will become stronger, since competitors are only a few mouse clicks away, switching costs for customers are much longer and due to their access to nearly unlimited information the customers’ bargaining power will increase. Nonetheless, tourism companies who can keep up with the fast pace of the Internet and who are able to convince customers of the reliability, trustworthiness and timeliness of their displayed offers and information will benefit from the Internet. 2.2. Online Trust or eTrust What is (online) trust? A first step towards the answer of this question can be made by looking at various definitions of the term trust. Trust is defined as ‘the trait of believing in the honesty and reliability of others’ (Wordnet, Princeton University, 2006). According to this definition, buyers conducting transactions via the Internet will have to rely on a person or institution they may have never seen or even heard of. This would certainly be not sufficient as an assurance for most of us. Another definition defines trust as ‘to hope or wish’ (Wordnet, Princeton University, 2006). Summarizing this would mean that we need to rely on the goodwill of the other party and hope or wish that it will act as it was promised. Those definitions might be a good starting point in explaining the meaning of trust, but they certainly do not seem to be convenient for most of us. Bà ¶hle et al. (2000) argue that trust is a precondition for flourishing e-Commerce. Shankar et al. (2002) advance a different view, although they classify ‘(online) trust as being important in both business-to-business and business-to-consumer e-business’. Koufaris and Hampton-Sosa (2004) pursue a similar way of argumentation. They suggest that ‘lack of trust in online companies is a primary reason why many users do not shop online’. Another author, Peter Landrock (2002), founder and managing director of Cryptomathic UK Ltd., one of the world’s leading providers of security solutions to businesses, points out that ‘without such trust, neither businesses nor consumers will conduct transactions or sensitive communications across this medium (the Internet)’. This argument is being supported by a recently conducted study by Ernst Young and the Information Technology Association of America who concluded ‘that trust represents one of the most fundamental issues impacting the growth of e-Commerce’ (Talwatte, 2000). Strader and Shaw (Chadwick, 2001) point out that ‘consumers are more likely to buy from an online company they trust, when price differences are small’. Thos would in turn imply that whenever price differences are significant, customers are willing to accept a higher level of uncertainty and perceived risk in transactions with companies they do not know or trust. According to those argumentations one can say that trust is the major precondition for both, businesses as well as consumers to conduct transactions via the Internet. ‘Trust is a key challenge to the customer acceptance of e-Commerce: the lack of trust is an important reason for the hesitant growth in e-Commerce and for the reluctance of consumers to engage in online buying transactions’ (Schultz, 2007). A Forrester Survey from 2000 stated that ‘51% of companies would not do business with parties they do not trust over the web’ (Shankar et al., 2002). However, this would also mean that 49% of companies would do business with companies they do not trust. Trust needs to be strongly combined with uncertainty and ambiguity. The more information a buyer has about the seller, the better can he or she estimates whether the seller will act as it was promised. Thus, the better the information about a seller the better can he or she be trusted. Good examples for this assumption are online marketplaces like eBay or Amazon. Those two providers offer nearly everyone the possibility to participate in e-Business. Since they recognized the increased need from customers for information about sellers, they introduced up-to-date ratings. Every seller can be rated after transactions whether buyers have been satisfied with the transaction process or not. The higher and better the rating, the more trustworthy is the seller (in a simplified way). These ratings are good indications for (unexperienced) buyers, since they equip them with information about the seller’s past performance in transactions. Other ways in creating trustworthiness are so-called trust seals. ‘Those seals are issued by third parties to verify the commitment of an e-vendor’ (Cook and Luo, 2003; Hu et al., 2003; Kaplan and Nieschwitz, 2003; Koufaris and Hampton-Sosa, 2004; Loebbecke, 2003; Patton and Jà ¸sang, 2004; Urban et al., 2000; Yang et al., 2006; in Schultz, 2007). Trust seals are generally indicated via symbols on the web site of the seller. Those seals are a sign that the seller conducts business according to the standards of the third party, the trust seal provider, and/or that the seller conducts business as promised by the statements and policies on the web site (Schultz, 2007). ‘Further measures to increase trust are security features, the availability of alternative payment methods, privacy, security and return policies and feedback mechanisms and consumer communities’ (Schultz, 2007). ‘Security is the main concern of consumers before engaging in e-business with a seller’ (Schultz, 2007; Hinde 1998). ‘Sellers need to incorporate certain security features into the design of their web sites in order to ensure the safety of the whole transaction process’ (see Credit Card) (Schultz, 2007). Offering alternative methods of payment is another approach of the seller to signal the willingness to adapt to the customers’ needs. Being able to choose a method of payment equips the customer with the perceived power over a part of the transaction process. It is essential to display the ‘rules of the game’. Privacy, security and return policies need to present on every seller’s web site in order to inform the customer properly. This will not only increase trust but will also facilitate processes in case of complaints or other problems. The provision of customer feedback mechanism (ratings, reply forms, forums, etc.) is another way for customers to increase knowledge and gather information about a seller. The advantage is that customers can exchange with previous customers of the seller. This way they can obtain an objective evaluation of the seller. However, sellers can also manipulate those forums by uploading faked ratings or deleting negative ratings or feedbacks. Again, the customer needs to develop trust in these kinds of information. Furthermore, customers do also need to develop trust in the IT infrastructure they are using, since this will be the mean of communicating the transactional data between the seller and the buyer. In other words, consumers not trusting the technology they are using for an intended transaction via the Internet will not participate in any e-Business transaction unless they feel confident with the security. When considering security issues, a public key infrastructure (PKI) that can provide secure authentication on the Internet is an important step towards secure Internet transactions. It can help to build trust, reduce the potential for fraud, ensure privacy and provide merchants with non-repudiation (Bà ¶hle et al., 2000). It is essential for the merchant that the customer can trust him, his connection and Website and the payment system used. Otherwise there will not be any transactions between the two parties. Summarizing this section it can be said that information is the key to (nearly) everything. A higher level of information about the other transactional party will increase the level of trust, since uncertainty and ambiguity can be erased at least to a certain extent. Furthermore, it is essential to create awareness for technologies and tools needed for security improvements and the development of trust. These tools and technologies can involve ‘soft’ components like trust seals and customer feedback forums. The ‘harder’ components are embedded in the aspect of IT infrastructure. This includes improvements in the encryption and network and database security. 2.3. Electronic Payment Systems Monetary transactions via the Internet do always involve risks and uncertainty. In most of the cases, there is no personal interaction involved. That means that the customer has to put a considerable amount of trust in the seller’s promise to fulfil everything that has been agreed upon during the confirmation of the purchase (e.g. the delivery of the ordered products or services on time, in the right quality and that the agreed amount of money is charged) (Schultz, 2007; Chadwick, 2001). According to Lammer (2006) ‘Electronic Payment Systems or e-Payment Systems may be defined as all payments that are initiated, processed and received electronically’. The main concern with electronic payment systems is the level of security in each step of the transaction, because money and merchandise are transferred while there is no direct contact between the two sides involved in the transaction. If there is even the slightest possibility that the payment system may not be secure, trust and confidence in this system will begin to erode, destroying the infrastructure needed for electronic commerce (Yu et al., 2002). The customer is concerned right from the point he is connected to the website of the seller. The risk of losing private information like contact details, credit card or bank account information is a primary concern of the customer. Therefore, it is necessary that both, the seller as well as the customer take care for the security of their own network as well as with the data exchanged during the transaction. In Germany, there are currently up to ten different electronic payment methods used with varying frequency and success. The author will only refer to those payment systems which are applicable for intangible goods, such as holidays. The definitions below are based on the work of Stroborn et al. (2004), who were arguing that one way to ‘classify different payment instruments is by the point of time when the liquidity effect sets in from the payer’s point of view that means the exact point in time when the customer’s account is charged with the payment’. ‘Following this premise, one can distinguish between â€Å"prepaid†, â€Å"pay-now† and â€Å"pay-later† systems’ (Stroborn et.al, 2004). Other authors (Yu et al., 2002, Dannenberg Ulrich, 2004) categorized payment systems with regard to the following variables. ‘The first variable is the ‘size or the amount of the payment’ (e.g. micro-payments). The second variable depends on the ‘type of transaction’, e.g. credit card, paying via e-mail (PayPal)’, etc. It can be argued which of these two different approaches in classifying e-payment systems is the most appropriate. However, the author decides to use the classification of Stroborn et al. (2004) for the reason that this type of classification can be best applied to the underlying topic of this work, due to the following facts. The ability to differentiate e-Payment systems by the time, the liquidity effect sets in is important within the industry of tourism. Holiday components, especially cruises are oftentimes financed using prepayments of customers. Therefore, it is particularly important for cruise lines to know which of the offered payment systems allow them to use prepayments as financing means. On the other hand, customers do always want a certain level of security, especially when they purchase a holiday, which is certainly not an everyday expense with regard to the amount charged. Therefore, equipping customers with the perceived power of determining the point of time when the actual payment will be processed will result in a beneficial feeling on the side of the customer. This equipment of perceived power is another way of demonstrating willingness to adapt to customer needs. Customers seem to have all under control, since they receive the product before they have to pay for it. So the seller has already delivered the agreed upon product or service. 2.3.1 Pre-Paid-payment systems The different Pre-Paid-payment systems currently in use in Germany will not be further explained. Systems like GeldKarte, MicroMoney or WEB.Cent are being used to settle small-or micro-payments up to usually â‚ ¬ 100. In this respect an application within the tourism industry is of no relevance. According to the DRV (Deutscher Reiseverband, 2008), the majority of holidays booked via the Internet was between â‚ ¬ 500 -â‚ ¬ 1.500 (55, 1% of all holidays). 2.3.2 Pay-Now-payment systems ‘So called pay-now systems debit the account of the customer at the exact time the customer purchases something. Cash-on-Delivery (COD) and debit entry are well established examples today’ (Stroborn et al., 2004). Online Transfer: According to Monika E. Hartmann (Lammer, 2006) online transfer can be defined as follows: These services are embedded in the online shopping process, e.g. via an automatic popup window connecting to the service provider and already containing all necessary transaction details. The customer is invited to choose a payment option and provide his account details. The completed transaction data set will be routed to the relevant payment service provider for authorization. After successful payment authorization the bank (or the payment service provider) confirms the payment to the merchant so that the purchase transaction can be completed (Lammer, 2006). COD (Cash-on-Delivery) COD is usually used for the settlement of amounts for physical goods. Customers order their desired articles over the website of an online merchant. The goods are then delivered by a mail service. In addition to the price of the delivered goods, the customer pays also COD charges to the delivery service. The mail delivery service then mails a money order to the internet merchant. Due to the simultaneous exchange of physical goods and money, COD is said to protect consumer and merchant at the same time. Nevertheless, it is considered not to be cost-effective and awkward for the consumer, who needs to be present for the delivery. Additionally, this payment method cannot be used for goods delivered electronically (Stroborn et al., 2004). M-Payments (Mobile Payments) M-Payment is such a service, where the mobile phone of the customer in combination with a PIN number deals as authentication device. Whenever the customer wants to purchase goods or transfer money, he or she is called by a third party, e.g. Paybox (www.paybox.net), on his or her mobile phone. He needs to confirm the transaction with a PIN. The sum of the transaction is then debited from the customer’s bank account (Stroborn et al., 2004). According to a recent study conducted by the Verband Internet Reisevertrieb, v-i-r (2007), only two percent of all holiday purchases have been settled using mpayments. However, this payment method is expected to grow tremendously in the future. This is already indicated by the awareness level of m-payments. Although only two percent had used m-payments to settle their online purchases, more than 23% of all respondents are aware of the possibility of using mobile payments. Debit Entry ‘The process of a debit entry requires the receiver of the payment, the seller, to inform his banking institution to charge the account of the buyer with a certain amount. This amount is in turn booked on the account of the seller’ (www.wikipedia.org). PayPal With over 150 million registered accounts worldwide (PayPal, 2009), PayPal is one of the most successful internet-based payment schemes. Authentication is done via the personal e-mail address of the customer in addition to the entry of a password. The amount is then debited from the customer’s PayPal account. Customers using PayPal will benefit since they will no longer have to reveal their debit or credit card number. Furthermore, the whole transaction process is speeded up due to the fact that customers no longer need to enter their address details. PayPal also promotes its product as being more secure in comparison with other e-payment schemes. 2.3.3 Pay-Later-payment systems ‘In terms of pay-later-systems (e.g. credit cards), the customer actually receives the goods before being debited’ (Stroborn et al., 2004). However, this depends upon the point in time when the customers’ bank account is being debited. It is also possible, particularly within the area of tourism that the bank account is debited before the holiday is ‘consumed’. Within the tourism industry it is a common practice to book and purchase holidays long time in advance. Especially in terms of family holidays, customers like to book in advance, since they do only have a small time frame (namely the school holidays) where they can go on holiday. So, holidays in these periods are strongly demanded. Thus there is an incentive for customers to book as early in advance as possible. In this case, the classification of Stroborn et al. (2004) is not valid anymore. The holiday is purchased long before it is consumed and thus the bank account will also be debited before the consumption. Credit Card ‘Settling payments via the use of the credit card is the most commonly used payment method worldwide. Nearly 90 % of all items and goods purchased via the Internet are paid by credit card’ (Dannenberg Ulrich, 2004). Stroborn et al. differentiate between three basic ways of credit card payments via the Internet: An unsecured transaction ‘A transaction via Secure Socket Layer (SSL), which is a sort of digital envelope. SSL is the de facto standard for secure online transactions, preventing eavesdroppers from learning customers’ account details’ (Ashrafi Ng, 2009). The SSL technology establishes a secure communication channel between the participants of an online transaction. ‘a transaction employing Secure Electronic Transaction Protocol (SET), which is currently considered as the safest credit-card-based payment systems on the Internet’ (Stroborn et al., 2004). Recapitulating this section again highlights the importance of awareness. According to Monika Hartmann (Lammer, 2006) ‘many payment solutions did not succeed in reaching a critical mass of users’. This can be seen in within the example of Mpayments. Payment methods may be very useful, however if they do not manage to reach a critical mass of users, they will not succeed in the market. So customers need to be enlightened about the different payment methods available and the advantages and disadvantages involved. In addition the aspect of trust reappears in this section. Customers need to trust the security of their Internet connection in the first place before they are conducting any business transactions. 3.1 Factors favouring the growth of e-Commerce in tourism The introduction of the internet as well as the ability to pay for goods and services via electronic payment systems created potential advantages for customers as well as for tourism companies. ‘The marketing of an intangible product such as tourism largely depends upon visual presentation’ (Morgan et al., 2001). With the Internet, marketers finally found the perfect tool. The capability of combining the presentation of facts and figures, emotional pictures and the whole booking process is a huge asset for tourism companies. Buhalis (Morgan et al., 2001) stated that ‘organizations and destinations which need to compete will be forced to compute’. Thereby, he assigns companies participating in e-Commerce a significant competitive advantage. According to a recent study of the VIR (Verband Internet Reisevertrieb, 2007) customers value the easy and fast way of booking trips via the internet. Furthermore, they appreciate the possibility to customize their trips, to see if their desired holiday is still available and the extensive range of offerings. The possibility to pay per credit card and the savings in terms of time they need to invest are also big advantages for German customers booking their trips and holidays via the Internet. Cheyne et al. (2006) suggested that ‘the Internet is providing the means for suppliers and consumers to bypass the travel agent and interact directly’. Furthermore, many writers propose that ‘the Internet furnishes travel consumers with more information, quicker responses and often lower prices than they can achieve when making travel arrangements through a traditional travel agent’ (Cheyne et al., 2006). Tania Lang, a senior consultant at Cap Gemini Ernst Young, stated in her work in 2000 that ‘there are a variety of factors providing advantages and benefits for the users of the Internet’. Amongst those factors is the access for availability enquiries and bookings when consumers want to research and purchase travel. Customers are no longer restricted to the opening times of their local travel agency. According to Buhalis (Lang, 2000), ‘the ability to access information which is detailed and up to date assists the travel consumer by making the product more tangible in their mind’. Another important advantage of e-Commerce in tourism is the bypass of travel agent fees and the access to online discounts. Lang (2000) stated that there is a ‘cost advantage in purchasing travel online as a result of the market becoming more competitive. These cost advantages can also be explained by decreasing distribution costs’. Concluding this section it can be suggested that customers will benefit tremendously from e-Commerce in the tourism industry. They will be faced with lower prices, since no intermediaries are involved any more so that potential cost savings can be achieved. In addition to this, the authors cited above implied that the visual representation of holidays will improve due the recent and upcoming developments in technology. According to this, there should not be any disadvantages for customers and conducting bookings via the Internet are the best solution for the future. However customers will also have to sacrifice in certain aspects as well as they will have to experience that bookings holidays via the Internet might not be that advantageous as the following section will point out. 3.2 Factors for the hesitant growth of e-Commerce in tourism In 2009, Prashant Palvia argues that ‘the Internet is far from achieving its potential due to the reluctance of consumers to engage in its use’. Palvia (2009) stresses this assumption by a recent study, indicating that sales of online retailers were only 2, 2% of total goods sold in the U.S. in 2005. Moreover, analysts have predicted that even by 2011, e-Commerce sales would only account for only 7%. According to Tania Lang (2000), there are certain barriers or disadvantages of the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) for consumers. Amongst those factors, the ‘lacks of a human interface and of confidence in the technology as well as security issues have a high relevance’. There are a lot of situations, where a customer has built a strong relationship to his travel agent. For some travellers, the actual booking process (whether via a travel agency or the Internet) is already part of the holiday itself. The booking process might even be some kind of ritual which is carried out in exactly the same manner every time the customer goes on holiday. Those loyalty or relational factors are hard to be erased or replaced by the Internet which is in fact a major threat to electronic commerce in the tourism industry. A number of authors maintain that ‘travel agents provide better services, especially when more complex products are to be purchased’ (Cheyne et al., 2006). ‘Those complex travel arrangements are more information intensive and therefore needs consultation of travel agents compared to less complex holiday components such as flights or rail tickets’. Other authors, including Inkpen, Lyle and Paulson (Cheyne et al., 2006) argue that ‘travel agents can offer a more personalized service and provide unbiased advices that add value for the customer’. Concerning the latter assumption one can argue that this is true for inexperienced or first-time users. Customers, who are familiar with the Internet and know where to find the information they are looking for, will not need the advice of the travel agent no more. First of all, the travel agent might provide them with information they already know or find by themselves. Secondly, travel agents are biased too, regarding the amount of commissions they receive for the sale of products. Another case where customers do not need the advice of the travel agent are repeated holidays, meaning customers who always travel to the same hotel. Those customers will not benefit from a travel agent’s consultancy. Summarizing this, one can say that ‘the service offered by travel agents is value adding for customers, who are inexperienced with the process of online booking and for customers who want to travel to a variety of different destinations’ (comparing Cheyne et al., 2006). The lack of confidence in the technology as well as the mistrust in security are the two other major disadvantages of the Internet that Tania Lang has determined. She points out that the ‘main barrier stopping consumers from booking travel via the Internet is the perceived lack of a secure payment method’ (Lang, 2000). ‘The main concern with electronic payment is the level of security in each step of the transaction, because money and merchandise are transferred while there is no direct contact between the two sides involved in the transaction’ (Yu et al., 2002). ‘If there is even the slightest possibility that the payment system may not be secure, trust and confidence in this system will begin to erode, destroying the infrastructure needed for electronic commerce’ (Yu et al., 2002). Putting this in other words, tourism companies may have the perfect product in terms of price quality ratio. However, the company will not be able to sell its products to a greater mass if their payment system is lacking security. This will not only erode trust in the payment system itself, but may also affect the customers’ acceptance of the company, thus affecting the company’s reputation, image and profits. In 1998, Haas surveyed that even though ‘many Internet users go online to find product information, most users prefer to log off and buy their goods through traditional sales channels’. Of course, this trend has increasingly changed over the last years; however, still today customers inform themselves over the Internet without performing t

Theories On Types Of Learners Education Essay

IntroductionThe study aimed to size up and analyse the place of myself as a undergraduate, this undertaking has become a really good manner for myself to place and cognize my ain personality and preferable acquisition manners more better than earlier. I am able to cognize my personal strong and weaknesses through different type of trial I took. Those trial will propose some of the acquisition manner which suit me the most, and help me to derive a higher class on my survey life. Furthermore, this study aims to find my intrinsic personality type and my functions in a squad. In order to accomplish the above aims, trials like VARK Questionnaire, Myers-Briggs Personality Type, and Belbin Self Perception Team Role Profiles trial are able to find my personality type and my preferable learning manner. Every suggestion of the consequence of the trial will be addressed one time I answered all the inquiry. Besides that, remark from my household and friend was become a back uping grounds on the finding of my personality type and acquisition abilities. Based on the few trial I took and the remark of my household, I might be able to find where one stand today, and the truth of myself. Subsequently, I picked my future calling occupation based on the field I survey and ain involvement, making research to roll up more information which related with the occupation that I taken up, looking to the demand of the occupation and based on my skill-set to find myself whether that is a occupation which suit me.Section A: Who I am as a scholar1.VARK TrialVARK is designed to analyze a scholar larning manner, and it ‘s besides determined a personal manner of a scholar. VARK is a really utile trial for every scholar, and VARK was elucidated and formulated by Fleming ( 2002 ) , and is based on the bing nuero-linguistic theoretical account which formulated by Eicher ( 1987 ) . VARK trial was divided into 4 different types of classs. It was VISUAL, AURAL, READ/WRITE and KINESTHETIC. Each scholars might be non truly cognize their ain acquisition manner sometimes, hence most of scholars know their learning manner through VARK Test. The intent of VARK trial is to find scholar lar ning manner and the result is based on the BASIC of favourite larning manner of scholars. Fleming ( 2007 ) says that VARK able to help scholars in their acknowledgment of their acquisition manners they most like. Following is a brief definition of VARK ( Fleming,1992, p274 ) Ocular: Learners who preferred learn by seeing. For illustration, utilizing picture, posting, images during presentations or talks. Aural: Learners who preferences learn by hearing. For illustration, seminars or talks that do non supply any ocular AIDSs. Read/Write: Learners who preferences learn by treating text. For illustration, there are able to read a full pages of words, and compose out a brief drumhead. Kinesthetic: Learners who preference towards larning, practical and sharing experiences for larning intents. Examples, experiment, pattern, simulations, picture cartridge holder etc.Ocular11Aural11Read/Write8Kinesthetic11Figure 1.1 – My VARK Test MarkOn my VARK trial consequence, the trial has determined my single acquisition manners, and my ain position presents. The VARK Test depicted in the Appendix 1. Based on the consequence, I quite asynclitism on Visual, Aural and Kinesthetic, three of it is the highest mark in the trial, therefore VARK describes me as a multimodal scholar. The lowest mark is Read/write. I rather consent with the VARK consequence since I evaluate my survey life in Malaysia last twelvemonth. I have a penchant on lectors who used text books, PowerPoint slide, picture or talk notes which included diagram, graph or pie chart as their instruction stuffs. I found it easy to understand the talk through looking on those ocular AIDSs. Besides that, I quite easy focal point on the pictorials instead than reading a full pages of words of articles or notes which without image. Other than this, I ever had the wont of record the talks by utilizing MP3 Recorder in category and playback when I making alteration. Re-listening aid me to rectifying my notes and more clearer understanding about the talks. My strengths ever assisted me a batch in my survey life, I can understand the talks and absorb cognition faster than those pupils who prefer Read/Write. Based on the existent life experience of myself, when I study in INTI University College Malaysia, most of the lector is giving their talk by PowerPoint slides, so I tend to this learning manner. Additionally, I have inclination of making a presentation slide as notes after category everyday in order to guarantee that I do non lose out any point, clearer apprehension of the surveies lectures. I preferred listening music while doing up notes or do exercisings at the same time. My strength ever help me a batch in my survey life. That is the ground why my visual, aural and kinaesthetic is the highest mark in the VARK trial evidently, hence, I have to use my strengths sagely from now on until the terminal of my life. Apart of this, the VARK trial consequence proved that my failings in Read/ Write facet evidently, Fleming ( 2008 ) illustrate that turning words into ocular is another manner to better the failing of Read/Write. It means that I must set more attempt to better my Read/Write accomplishment and do it equal with the other 3 facets. I found it hard to understand those talks notes, larning stuff or text edition which merely screen by words, it was endure me ever, and I feel sleepy easy if I faced it quite a long period. In add-on, my failing be conspicuous when I go toing my seminar category. I have to better my Read/Write accomplishment from now on instantly in order to do certain that is non a trouble when I out to work in the hereafter.2. MBTI TestMBTI stands for Myers Briggs Type Indicator trial, it ‘s a trial based on Jung ‘s Theory of Personality Types. Paula A. & A ; Martin. F ( 2009 ) defines that â€Å" The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator ( MBTI ) is a widely used personality stock list, or trial, employed in vocational, educational, and psychotherapy scenes to measure personality type in striplings and grownups age 14 and older † . ESTJ and INFP was carried out the different significance. extroversion ( E ) or invagination ( I ) feeling ( S ) or intuition ( N ) thought ( T ) or experiencing ( F ) judgment ( J ) or comprehending ( P ) MBTI trial be able to find the type of the scholars based on the reply of the respondents in the MBTI questionnaire. Charles R. Martin ( 1997 ) defines people who extraversion incline involve in event, outer universe, take portion in a batch of activities, work or play in groups, and like to do friends. while invagination defines a individual who is more inclined towards ain thought, sentiment, reaction etc. This type of people they more preferable making things with little group of people who they feel comfy or entirely. They are wholly different features if comparison with Extraversion. Molly ( 2008 ) defines that people who sensors incline to information they received from what they received and they will state the facts without any reading. Peoples who intuitive more slope to reading, inventive or â€Å" 6th sense † instead than merely state the facts. MyPersonality ( 2007 ) defines believing people are able to do their determination based on what they seen and they non like to believe or judge something ‘s may non based on logic. On the other custodies, experiencing people make their determination based on their feeling, they decides with bosom alternatively of facts. MyPersonality ( 2007 ) defines that people who judging they usually good at completing, they like to be aftering their things and responsible ever and command in events of a person. Besides that, people who comprehending they more preferable outward displayed. They are flexible and adaptable and they non good in organized. ISTJ 53 % ISFJ 67 % INFJ 50 % INTJ 36 % ISTP 42 %ISFP74 %INFP 66 % INTP 34 % ESTP 58 % ESFP 72 % ENFP 55 % ENTP 41 % ESTJ 42 %ESFJ74 %ENFJ 66 % ENTJ 34 %Figure 1.2: My MBTI ScoresDeduction of MBTI TestFollowing, On my Myer Briggs Type Indicator trial mark, the trial has determined my single personality types and besides prove that I have two different personality type, it was ISFP and ESFJ, it was carried out 74 % each. The existent tabular array mark depicted on ( APPENDIX 2 ) . Team Technology ( 1995 ) describes the features of ESFJ individual are does non wish to populate entirely, they more prefer unrecorded within a group. Besides that, ESFJ type individual good in organized, societal, but they have an antipathy to unusual people or environment. This type of people is a good leader in a squad, they are eligible to actuate their member, stimulate squad spirit in order to construct harmoniousness, and form life on a personal footing. Additionally ISFP type is described by Team Technology ( 1995 ) individual usually more inclined to introspective feeling, they easy experience Moody, acquire hurt and dislike alteration. They express their energy towards the interior universe of ideas and emotions. other than this, ISFP individual prone to confusion, they are easy disturbed by other remark or judgement. The chiefly different between from ISFP and ESFJ Harmonizing to C.G.Jung ‘s Theory ( 1977 ) the first two missive in the type codification is the most of import, it ‘s called â€Å" dominant map † . For ESFJ, my dominant map is experiencing, it was more incline to Extraverted Feeling. I rather agree on the trial consequence, in my existent life, I ‘m precisely a individual who extrovert. I like to do friends, take portion of out-of-door activities to regulate the outer universe. I have an antipathy to conceal my look, I preferred express or voice out directly off. For case, I like to work with a group of people, since we can portion the different point of position and values, and do more friends. moreover, I tend to see other experiencing more than my ain, I seek to construct resonance with people, and constructing a strong relationship with people around me, therefore I turn into an of import function of audience in my pack of friends, they like to chew the fat with me. On the others custodies, I like to see something ‘s new, I prefer used my life clip to see different types of life manner or new environment that I ne'er had before, therefore I can accommodate into the new life or new environment to the full in a short times ever. On the another manner unit of ammunition, I ever makes a concluding determination based on my ain basic personal values without interrupt by others. For ISFP, my dominant map is Introverted Feeling, i.e. oriented towards the interior universe. ISFP and ESFJ was happen on me at the same times, nevertheless, harmonizing to the consequence of MBTI trial, I might be non ever extraverted. Review my life, I am a individual who introverted before, I non truly good in build harmoniousness in the universe around me, or encouragement others. For illustration, when I working in a group last clip, I non like to depute my work to others, I prefer done it by myself due to i deficiency of assurance of others or alien, at the terminal, it ‘s conveying a batch of struggle between me and my group mates. However, my extremely assurance and introvert personality spoiled my friend web last clip, hence, I learn to be more Extrovert by spend a batch of times. ESFJ and ISFP non merely differ in Extraversion/Introversion, they besides differ in judgement / perceptual experience. For illustration, if I wish to be after my end, do my life go more stable and good organized, I will differ into judging. While, if I prefer to keep my life flexibleness, I will differ into perceptual experience. ESFJ and ISFP possibly occur at the same times, but it is more depend on the environment or the state of affairs. It ‘s besides called natural disposition by Team Technology ( 1995 ) .3.BELBIN TrialDR Meredith Belbin ( 2003 ) defines a squad function as â€Å" A inclination to act, contribute and interrelate with others in a peculiar manner † . Scribd ( 2009 ) Belbin described the behaviour of a member, how their relationship with others among a squad. The accomplishments developed by Belbin team-role theory allow an single good understanding about their ain strong and failings, and how they conveyed their accomplishment into their occupation o r a group. Belbin separate into nine Team Roles or bunch of behaviour. It was Plant, Resource Investigator, Co-ordinator, Shaper, Monitor Evaluator, Teamworker, Implementer, Completer Finisher and Specialist. Many of the director or employee was taking portion in this questionnaire to detect their ain Team Role penchants, and go a successful leader of a squads. Every of the squad functions can be adopted by different sort of people, it depend on their ain personality types. Application of Test I have been finish the BELBIN trial and the consequence of the trial ( refer Appendix 3 ) has determined and interpreted the assorted facets of my behaviour, harmonizing to the consequence of the trial, I ‘m suit to a occupation which I can utilize my abiding nature or habit covering with everyday responsibilities. The BELBIN trial was showed that I ‘m a individual who extrovert, enthusiastic, communicative, explores chances and develop contacts. Based on my personal experience and MBTI trial, it was a consequence which unswerving and precise. On my old portion clip occupation, I capable to get the better of obstructions with my household or my staff member. Since I ‘m a individual who extrovert and like to societal or research new chances, hence, I know a batch of friends, and develop a high repute among my friends and co-worker, they assist me no affair what job I faced. that is one of the grounds to turn out that I ‘m gave a good feeling to my friends for c ertain. I expand the circle of my life triumphant. The study of the trial besides indicated my failings i.e. may be uncomfortable when holding to cover with force per unit area, uninterested in covering with everyday responsibilities. I was agreed on this, I like to research chances and experience something ‘s new, I detestation making the same things invariably. Once I work under a group, I by and large cooperation with others and supply some utile thought to my group mates. In add-on, deficiency of patiently convey me into suffer one time I working under force per unit area, I ca n't work out my job if force per unit area has come to me. Sometimes, even though the undertaking is easy, one time I gave myself excessively much of force per unit area, I may non execute good or complete it on times, and accordingly it act upon my spirit and besides affect the public presentation on the undermentioned undertaking. If I ca n't let go of my emphasis or work out the job, a feeling of abandonment develops in my bosom accidentally. The BELBIN study besides suggests that I treat anything new as a challenge, therefore leting me to released the emphasis that over sometimes, and they was promote me must larn to pull off my ain calling and self-development in a good thought out manner, and should look towards person who harmony, so merely my ain public presentation is likely to better. Drumhead Harmonizing to the consequence of the three trials I taken, it was proved that I am a multimodal scholar. I must use my strengths astutely and better my failings, so that I can heightening my ain personality and accomplishing an better result than old. The overall three trials, I know my-self better than few old ages ago, and I get ready to get the better of every obstructions that I face, and do non reluctance to make something ‘s may non accommodate my features.4.Comment From My Family or FriendsI received some of the remark from my siblings sentiment on me, harmonizing to their sentiment, it ‘s non truly closed with the result of the trials. It was non surprised me because during semester interruption or vacation, I prefer remaining at place for playing computing machine games or watching play in my room whole twenty-four hours long. due to the hapless communicating between me and my siblings or parents, I ever keep quiet when taking dinner with them or household years s. Furthermore, I born from a household that concern traditional right and subjects, therefore, I remain quiet in order to avoid speaking something incorrect. From twelvemonth to twelvemonth, I non much interact with my household members, hence, this leads them to misconstruing about my personality and disagreed on me being an extravert, which I truly felt that I am.Section A: Part 2: Deduction for calling pickLifelong acquisitionLifelong acquisition is a really critical portion in our life, with cognition, we are able to happen a good occupation, and stronger our place in the present competition state or occupation market. Besides that, cognition can construct up a positive mode and attitude to everyone. Therefore, we know how to take attention of each other ‘s or construct a good relationship with them. Alongside, the figure of grade graduated per twelvemonth was increasing quickly, that is the ground why the present occupation market is so competitory presents, and many com pany or organisation are traveling to use employees who keeping First category or Second category grade certification, while, we know that cognition was moving a really of import function for everyone and it ‘s basically applicable to everyone in the universe today. I need to use my cognition smartly in my life, and besides need to heighten my cognition base every bit much as I can. Knowles ( 1981 ) defined that acquisition is a womb-to-tomb procedure, it can last until the twenty-four hours we left the universe, we supposed to pass our leisure clip to deriving more cognition is better than merely remaining place for kiping or woolgathering. I am wholly agree with this account. Different stage of life was carry out a different womb-to-tomb acquisition manner, before we learn, we must clearly understand how of import of womb-to-tomb acquisition, how it actuate us and how it alter our subject. Besides that, Robotham ( 1995, cites at thorson,2005, p78 ) suggested that homo should preparatory to larn in their initial phase ; hence, we have to guarantee the instruction manner was suit to the stage of homo. For illustration, kids may non accept the instruction manners of grownups. In other manner, we have to put the mission or vision for ourselves, therefore we merely able to heighten our larning motive. We ca n't populate under a environment without larning or motive. Harmonizing to the consequence of Myer Briggs and BELBIN trial, I able to judge myself is a womb-to-tomb scholar since I am a individual who like to research chances and extravert ever. I plan to take maestro classs after finishing my degree plan, and enter into banking industry. Bank will offer a batch of developing class to their staff, hence, I plan to go a banker due to this ground, and I am able to update myself ever without knock out by the new coevals. Alongside, it is a best opportunity which let me to derive more cognition and better my communicating accomplishments among people. Wlodkowski ( 1999, cited at Klingensmith, 2006 ) states that â€Å" high degree of motive to larn for the grownups produces the higher acquisition consequences, the public presentation achieved † Lifelong acquisition is one of the best manner for me to heighten myself and develop good in my calling. Everyone has different larning manner or different manner to get cognition, therefore we must take a right manner of larning which suit us the most. Besides that, I will get cognition through many different sort of manner i.e. I will seek to do more friends from different civilization or different states, so that we can larn each other civilization and values. My read/write facet is non good plenty, so I have to better my read/write accomplishments and use my reading/writing accomplishments to understand what I read across assorted texts. Following, I do non excessively rely on those cognition or information that I had, I try to be unfastened minded and accept the new information. Group treatment is the other best manner for me to larning and get cognition, I sharing sentiment with my group mates, this is the manner for me to accept others sentiments and advice and besides help me in constructing up my cognition and trust between each others. I learned to copy the positive attitude or behaviour that I every had from others. Harmonizing to the Myer-Briggs trial, I more incline to Extrovert, I take the advantages on it and convey it into my womb-to-tomb acquisition, and seek to construct myself go a autonomous scholar. I plan to do more friend who older than me, therefore, I can derive more things and existent experience from them. For illustration, I observe how a director or a leader perform in a company, how they lead a squad become successful. A company screen by a batch of different types personality people, I use the opportunity to do more different personality type of friends and assisting those people who introverts since I am a individual who introverts earlier. In order to do certain the work can running under a harmoniousness environment, I learn to accept people sentiment, and constructing up the good relationship with everyone around me.Movable Sk illsIn order to do certain I can to the full accommodate into my future calling occupation, I would wish to heighten all my accomplishments invariably, hence I can force my-self to the soap and accomplish the best public presentation in the occupation. How to go a successful bank director in banking industry? In order to managing the occupation efficaciously, communicating accomplishments, leading accomplishments and composing accomplishments. Those accomplishments was playing a really of import function from clip to clip. Banking industry is one of the biggest industry in the universe today. Many of the international bank like HSBC Bank, Standard Chartered Bank, CITIBANK, Barclays Bank, they have a immense figure of client from different states. So the accomplishments of authorship, computing machine accomplishments, and Foreign linguistic communication is really of import. We are traveling to except by the industry if we do non hold the sufficient accomplishments. Furthermore, as a bank director may confront a plentifulness clients every twenty-four hours, hence, I must be better my communicating accomplishments, so that I find it easy while communicate with client or people from different states. I know a different sort of linguistic communications such as Citrus reticulata, Cantonese, Malay, English, Nipponese etc, hence, I am able to pass on with different type of clients, and do more friends. Additionally, communicating accomplishments was of import for certain, hence, I besides need to better my authorship accomplishment, interpersonal accomplishments, and so-on. Harmonizing to the trial I took, I have good sociableness accomplishments, high motivate accomplishment and leading accomplishment. It was average that I can construct a strong relationship with my client and co-worker. Once one become a Bank director, I will set a batch of attempt to go a successful banker director, and I want to distribute my cognition and my accomplishments to my staff and lead my squad go stronger and stronger. This station needs a really strong leading accomplishments, be aftering accomplishments, motive accomplishments, and communicating accomplishments, acquiring more concern from the clients, create a batch of new selling schemes to pull more client and maximise the net incomes of the bank. I will use my accomplishments, cognition, and experience sagely that I had in order to full adapt into the occupation place.Justify choose calling pickI will be after to prosecute my calling in International Banking industry after graduating with a grade in Business with international direction at Northumbria University. My occupation is needed a batch of accomplishments and cognition, so womb-to-tomb larning automatically go a really of import portion in my life, I ca n't even halt it, because I need the updated knowledge/information and latest accomplishments to managing my future occupation efficaciously. I pick two occupation advertizement ( see APENDIX 4 ) . The occupation advertizement that I found was clearly states the minimal demand, the item information of the occupation and where is the location of the occupation. In the advertizement, the Team gross revenues director must be possess at least a Bachelor ‘s Degree. Besides, the campaigner should be hold gross revenues experience in retail industry before. The campaigner are required to hold good communicating, motivation, taking and selling accomplishments. Additionally, the campaigner are required to Develop and keep a good web of concern contact and besides guarantee the gross revenues mark are met ever. On the other custodies, the advertizement states that the campaigner must hold the ability to take, motivate, and coach a gross revenues squad. The applicant must be flexible to be shifted countrywide, work in a group, therefore, good communicating accomplishments and taking accomplishments was become the compulsory needs within this occupation. The bank director are encourage to hold good harmonisation because bank director is the who traveling to go to meeting with different section largely. Standard Chartered Bank has provided preparation classs and banking operations oversea short classs to candidate for understanding more item about the merchandise of the SCB, and the regulations and ordinance, so that the director are encouraged to be flexible. In order to pull more client and take the squad become successful, the director are required being to extrovert ever. The squad sale director hopefully able to working under force per unit area, since I ‘m a individual who extrovert, sociableness, hence, I believed I will suit good to this place and able to use my strengths in this occupation. Additionally, BELBIN trial consequence shows that I am a resource research worker, who loves to research chances and develop contacts. Therefore, I can carry through most of the demand as stated by the occupation description in the occupation advertizement.DecisionFinally, after I being done the three trials, I know my personality, my accomplishments, and my learning manner, and besides learned how to better my failings. since I plan my calling and life, I must be put a batch of attempt to do my dream come true, and besides maintain the attitude of womb-to-tomb larning until terminal of my life or directing the of import message about the of import of womb-to-tomb acquisition to my future household members.

Performance And Specifications Of Power Pumps Engineering Essay

IntroductionBackground:The agencies of pumping is the most of import manner of fluid transportation for 1000s of old ages. Ancient Egyptians used water wheels with hoppers for the motion of vehicle marked with H2O for irrigation intent. In the 3rd century BC ; the Grecian scientist Stisebeos Alexandria invents the reciprocating pump to pump H2O. The about the same clip discovered the Grecian mathematician Archimedes the prison guard pump, called the composit of mandolins with a coiling traveling on inside the cylinder. Till that clip the there was no much development occurs until the late 17th century, where the Gallic adventurer Denis invent a pump with consecutive blades. Then the British adventurer John Oblad invents the centrifugal pump with curving blades in 1851. Thereafter, the first usage of compressors with axial-flow turbo jet engines where found in the mid-fortiess of the 20th century AD.Reciprocating PumpPositive supplanting pumps are that type of machines which is common for applications that require a really high Pressures and comparatively low flow. In this machine, the liquid flows into a contained infinite, such as a cylinder, speculator, or rotor. Then a traveling Piston forces the liquid out of the cylinder, increasing the force per unit area. The usage of positive supplanting pumps is common in applications that require high discharge force per unit area and comparatively low flow. The discharge force per unit area generated by a positive supplanting pump is – in theory – space. If the pump is dead headed, the force per unit area generated will increase until either a pump portion fails or the driver stalls from deficiency of power. The Reciprocating Pump – besides known as Power Pump- is one type from the Positive Displacement Pump. In his book, Pollak illustrates that the Reciprocating pump has a random-access memory, speculator, Piston or other cylindrical component working backwards and forwards within a cylinder or pump barrel ; this gesture is normally delivered from a grouch go arounding unvarying velocity, and linking rod. Automatic valve control the flow of liquid into the cylinder, and out once more. A Piston or a speculator moves back and Forth in an enclosed cylinder. A reciprocating pump besides has a power terminal and a liquid terminal. Most piston pumps are individual playing ; plunger pumps are dual moving. The diameter of the Piston, the length of the Piston shot and the speed of the Walter pistons determine the pump capacity. See figPower Pumps:As mentioned by Igor Karassik in his book that the power pump does non develop force per unit area ; it merely produces a flow of fluid. The downstream procedure or shrieking system produces a opposition to this flow, thereby bring forthing force per unit area in the piping system and dispatch part of the pump. The flow fluctuates at a rate proportional to the pump velocity and figure of cylinders. The amplitude of the fluctuations is a map of the figure of cylinders. Karassik added that greater the figure of cylinders, the lower the amplitude of the flow fluctuations at a specific revolutions per minute. It is ever possible for the power pump to bring forth different capacity as they are capable of operating over a broad scope of velocities. Each pump has maximum suction and discharge force per unit area limits that ; when combined with its maximal velocity, find the pump ‘s power evaluation. The pump can be applied to power conditions that are less than its maximal evaluation but at a little lessening in mechanical efficiencyOperating Principles:In his paper, Samuel explains the pump operation as follows ; the reciprocating pump uses a crankshaft-connecting rod mechanism. The crankshaft-connecting rod mechanism converts the rotary motion of the crankshaft to a reciprocating additive motion of Pistons. The Piston motion creates volume alterations. As a pit opens when a Piston retracts, the fluid is admitted through an recess cheque valve. When the Piston reverses, the recess look into valve stopping points, and the pit reduces when the Piston extends. The mercantile establishme nt look into valve clears and the fluid is forced out by the Piston. Despite that of the fluid being pumped, the discharge volume is fixed for each crankshaft revolution. Pressure is determined by the system flow opposition and pump building. The Speed decrease is so needed for diminishing high velocity from the driver to low pump shaft velocity.Applications for Power pumps are:†¢ Oil well clay pumps †¢ Reverse osmosis charge pumps †¢ Auxiliary boiler provender pumps †¢ Pipeline pumps †¢ Oil field H2O injection pumps †¢ Slurry pumps †¢ Process pumpsPerformance and specifications:In his paper, David Parker negotiations about the specification illustrating that the quality and measure of information on suction conditions will find the ultimate success or failure of any pump installing. The bulk of pump jobs, start at the suction. There must be a minimal sum of absolute force per unit area available to provide fluid to the pump suction. PD pumps by and large require less absolute force per unit area. Net Positive Inlet Pressure Required ( NPIPR ) , at the pump suction rim, is the evaluation of entire recess losingss within that pump at rated conditions. Unit of measurements are force per unit area footings ; PSI, Kg/cm2, Bar, KPa. These losingss include the unstable clash loss along the internal suction way, the alteration in lift from the suction rim to the enclosed volume, the unstable clash loss of come ining the enclosed volume, and the acceleration to the speed of the enclosed volume. For any given size, NPIPR will increase with increased viscousness or flow ( increased flow = increased velocity ) . Volumes of gas are normally specified comparative to standard temperature and force per unit area ( STP ) of 680F and atmospheric force per unit area ; 14.7 psia ; 200C, 1.034 Kg/cm2 absolute. By stipulating the standard volume of gas and stipulating the suction force per unit area and temperature, the volume of gas nowadays at the pump suction can be calculated. This capacity must be added to the liquid capacity in order to size the pump for the needed liquid flow rate. If suction force per unit area is below atmospheric force per unit area, even little sums of entrained gas will spread out in volume necessitating a larger pump. Capacity should be defined for the rated status. If there is an acceptable scope of capacities, the lower limit and maximal acceptable should be stated. This allows pump providers to offer standard merchandises without holding to modify for specific capacity dem ands.Efficiency:In the reciprocating pump, merely two efficiency losingss need to be considered ; volumetric and Mechanical. Volumetric efficiency loss is provoked by slippage through valves, ratio of liquid chamber volume at terminal of shot to plunger/piston supplanting volume, and liquid squeezability. Mechanical efficiency loss occurs while get the better ofing mechanical clash in bearing and velocity decrease. The overall efficiency of a reciprocating pump unit is by and large above 85 % throughout its full operating scope. However, in the reciprocating pump can run over 90 % because many pumps and decrease units operate at a mechanical efficiency of 98 per centum, and the volumetric efficiency can frequently be above 95 per centum.Viscosity:Viscosity of a fluid is the ratio of shear emphasis to the rate of shear strain. It is a step of its opposition to flux. High viscousness fluids, like gum elastic, adhesives, or molasses, are really immune to forces applied to travel them. Low viscousness fluids, like kerosine or H2O, have really small opposition to coerce. Viscosity is reduced as temperature is increased ; hot fluids flow more readily than cold fluids. Viscosity should ever be given at a specified temperature. Typical units for viscousness are centipoises, centistokes, and SSU. Positive Displacement pumps maintain high efficiencies throughout the viscousness scope. Entrained gasses ca n be handled in big measures by most Positive Displacement pump designs ; nevertheless care must be taken in stipulating measure of gas entrained and flow required. Positive Displacement pumps are used to keep the changeless flow rate as nozzle force per unit areas change due to choke offing and gnawing. Precise control of fuel add-on rates increases the operators control over burning conditions. This in bend leads to cut down air emanations, a really critical concern in a extremely regulated industry. The reciprocating pump provides a about changeless flow rate over a wider scope of force per unit area ; the centrifugal pump gives unvarying force per unit area over a scope of flow, so it drops dramatically as the flow rate additions. On a reciprocating pump, fluid viscousness has small consequence on the flow rate as the force per unit area increases. However, unstable viscousness has a large impact on the centrifugal pump ‘s force per unit area and flow rate. The efficiency besides drops well.Advantages:Efficiency is rather high even though there are alterations in the needed caput. It can be up to 85 % to 95 % or even more. Merely with high velocity it tends to diminish somewhat. Reciprocating pumps run at much lower operating velocities than centrifugal pumps and therefore is better suited for managing viscose fluid. For a given velocity the flow rate is changeless regardless of caput, the pump is limited merely by the power of the premier mover and the strength of the pump parts. The fluid flow from the reciprocating pump is well high. It is start automatically. No demand to make full the cylinders before get downing. Disadvantages: There are poorer in managing liquids incorporating solids that tend to eat valves and seats. Because of the pulsating flow and force per unit area bead throw the valves they require larger suction force per unit area at the subdivision rim to avoid cavitations. Due to mechanical quivers, the pulsating flow require a particular attending to subdivision and discharge piping design Hovering gesture of the nozzle creates perturbations that travel at velocity of sound from the pump cylinder shrieking system. These perturbations cause the force per unit area degree of the system to fluctuate with regard to clip. It is hard to pump syrupy liquid in the reciprocating pump The cost of bring forthing Piston pumps is high. This is due to the really accurate sizes of the cylinders and Pistons. Besides, the geartrain needed to change over the rotary motion of the thrust motor into a reciprocating action involves excess equipment and cost. Discharge flow problems: Care cost a batch considered with its handiness, because throbing flow and big figure of traveling parts, as the atoms can acquire into the little clearances and cause terrible wear. The Piston pump therefore, should non be used for slurries. The throbing features of the fluid fluxing into and out of power pumps are significantly affected by the figure of Pistons. Discharge flow pulsings are the most critical because of the high energy potency generated when the system opposition reacts with the flow to make force per unit area. Since the magnitude of the discharge pulsing is largely affected by the figure of cylinders, so we can get the better of the pulsing flow by increasing the figure of cylinders. Besides, we can cut down the discontinuity by utilizing an collector at the terminal of the nose which will provides a continues flow.